Hetuvidya, 醯都費陀, the science of cause, logical reasoning, logic, with its syllogistic method of the proposition, the reason, the example. The creation of this school of logic is attributed to Akṣapāda, probably a name for the philosopher Gautama (not Śākyamuni). The 因明論 orHetu-vidyā-śāstrais one of the 五明論 pañcavidya-śāstras, a treatise explaining causality, or the nature of truth and error.