Buddha subdued him, but only many years after Buddha's final nirvana was Upagupta said to have converted him into a Dharma protector. DeCaroli, Haunting, p. 40.
Hirofumi Inoue, The Māra in the Mahāparinibbānasuttanta, Journal of Pali & Buddhist Studies, vol. 14 (December 2000), pp. 79-86.
