Aka Faxian. Chinese form of the name Dharmabhadra.
Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, Foe Koue Ki ou Relation des royaumes bouddhiques. Voyages dans la Tartarie, dans l'Afghanistan et dans l'Inde, exécuté à la fin du IVe siècle par Chy Fa Hian, traduit et commenté par M. Abel Rémusat. Ouvrage posthume, revu, complété et augmenté d'éclaircissements nouveaux par MM. Klaproth et Landresse, Imprimerie Royale (Paris 1836).
J.W. de Jong, Fa-hsien and Buddhist Texts in Ceylon, Journal of the Pali Text Society, vol. 9 (1981), pp. 105-116.
Krishna Kumar, On the Identification of Buddhist Monuments Noticed by Fa-Hsien at Sarnath, Journal of Indian History, vol. 59 (1981), pp. 87-96.
Richard B. Mather, Chinese and Indian Perceptions of Each Other between the First and Seventh Centuries, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 112, no. 1 (1992), pp. 1-8. In his travels in India, he noticed caṇḍālas as an untouchable caste, that people refrain from meat and alcohol, and that they use cowries for currency.
Li Rongxi, tr., The Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian Translated from the Chinese of Faxian (Taishô Volume 51, Number 2085), contained in: LGMN, pp. 155-214. He began his overland journey to India in 399 CE and returned by sea to China in 414. The main purpose of his trip was to locate Vinaya texts.
The older studies all made a mistake in identifying Fa-hsien (Dharmabhadra) with Fa-t'ien (Dharmadeva), and this still causes confusion. Fa-hsien (d. September 4, 1000) was in fact a name given to T'ien-hsi-tsai, a contemporary and colleague of Fa-t'ien (d. June 12, 1001). Jan, Relations, pp. 34-35.
In Thuken, p. 339, I find the spelling Hwa shang Hpha shen.
The travels of Faxian (Fa-hsian) to India also exist in Tibetan translation: Chen-po Hān-gur-gyi Btsun-pa Phān-hyin-gyis 'Phags-pa'i Yul-du 'Grims-pa'i Rnam-thar Rgyal-bstan 'Byung-khungs Kun-gsal 'Phru-gyi Me-long, contained in Rinchen, ed., Travels of Fa Hsian Translated by Dordji Bansaroff (Ulanbatar 1970), in 64 pp. (Corpus Scriptorum Mongolorum, Tom. 5, Fasc. 5).
