The six things that ferry one beyond the sea of mortality to nirvana, i. e. the sixpāramitās 波羅蜜 (波羅蜜多): (1) 布施dāna, charity, or giving, including the bestowing of the truth on others; (2) 持戒śīla, keeping the command rents; (3) 忍辱kṣānti, patience under insult; (4) 精進vīrya, zeal and progress; (5) 禪定dhyāna, meditation or contemplation; (6) 智慧prajñā; wisdom, the power to discern reality or truth. It is the last that carries across thesaṃsāra(sea of incarnate life) to the shores of nirvana. The opposites of these virtues are meanness, wickedness, anger, sloth, a distracted mind, and ignorance. The 唯識論 adds four other pāramitās: (7) 方便upāya, the use of appropriate means; (8) 願praṇidhāna, pious vows; (9) 力bala, power of fulfillment; (10) 智jñānaknowledge.