Rājā (Rājan) [cp. Vedic rājā, n -- stem. To root *reg, as in Lat. rego (to lead, di -- rect, cp. in meaning Gr. h(gemw/n): see etym. under uju. Cp. Oir. rī king, Gallic Catu -- rīx battle king, Goth reiks=Ohg. rīhhi=rich or Ger. reich. Besides we have *reig in Ags. rāēcean= reach; Ger. reichen. -- The Dhtp only knows of one root rāj in meaning "ditti" i. e. splendour] king, a ruling potentate. The defn at Vin iii.222 is "yo koci rajjaŋ kāreti." The fanciful etym. at D iii.93= Vism 419 is "dhammena pare rañjetī ti rājā" i. e. he gladdens others with his righteousness. -- At the latter passage the origin of kingly government is given as the third stage in the constitution of a people, the 2 preceding being mahā -- sammata (general consent) and khattiya (the land -- aristocrats). -- Cases. We find 3 systems of cases for the original Sk. forms, viz. the contracted, the diaeretic and (in the pl.) a new formation with -- ū -- . Thus gen. & dat. sg. rañño[Sk. rājñaḥ] Vin iii.107; iv.157; J ii.378; iii.5; Vv 744; and rājino Sn 299, 415; Th 2, 463; J iv.495; Mhvs 2, 14; instr. sg. raññā Vin iii.43; J v.444; DhAi.164; PvA 22; VbhA 106; and rājinā [Sk. rajña] Mhvs 6, 2; acc. sg. rājānaŋ Vin iv.157; loc. raññe PvA 76; voc. rāja Sn 422, 423. pl. nom. rājāno A i.68;gen. dat. raññaŋ [Sk. rājñaŋ] D ii.87; Mhvs 18, 32; and rājūnaŋ Vin i.228; Ud 11; J ii.104; iii.487; SnA 484; PvA 101, 133; instr. raññāhi A i.279 rājūhiUd 41; M ii.120; J i.179; iii.45; Mhvs 5, 80; 8, 21; and rājubhi D ii.258. Cp. Geiger, P.Gr. § 921. -- 1. rājā is a term of sovereignship. The term rājā as used in Buddhist India does not admit of a uniform interpretation and translation. It is primarily an appellative (or title) of a khattiya, and often the two are used promiscuously. Besides, it has a far wider sphere of meaning than we convey by any trsln like "king" or even "sovereign," or "prince." We find it used as a designation of "king" in the sense of an elected or successory (crowned) monarch, but also in the meaning of a distinguished nobleman, or a local chieftain,or a prince with var. attributes characterizing his position according to special functions. From this we get the foll. scheme: (a) [based on mythological views: the king as representing the deity, cp. deva= king. Note that rājā never takes the place of deva in the meaning king, but that mahārāja is used in voc. equivalent to deva] a world -- king, over -- lord, a so -- called cakkavatti rājā. This is an office (as "Universal King") peculiar to the Mahāpurisa or the (mythol.) "Great Man," who may become either the Saviour of men in the religious sense, a Sammā -- sambuddha, or a just Ruler of the earth in the worldly sense, a King of Righteousness. These are the 2 gatis of such a being, as described at var. places of the Canon (e. g. Sn p. 106; Sn 1002, 1003; D iii.142; Ai.76). His power is absolute, and is described in the standard phrase "c. dhammiko dhamma -- rājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariya -- ppatto satta -- ratana -- samannāgato," e. g. D iii.59. Dhammapāla gives the dignity of a C. as the first "human sovereign powers" (PvA 117). <-> The four iddhi's of a C. are given (quite crudely) at M iii.176: he is beautiful, lives longer than others, is of a healthier constitution than others, he is beloved by the brahmins and householders. Other qualities: how his remains should be treated=D ii.141; deserves a thūpa D ii.142 sq.; his four qualities D ii.145 (the 4 assemblies of khattiyas, brāhmaṇas, gahapatis & samaṇas are pleased with him). See under cakkavatti & ratana. -- In a similar sense the term dhamma -- rājā is used as Ep. of the Buddha Sn 554 (rāj' âham asmi dh -- .r. anuttaro); J i.262; and a reflection of the higher sphere is seen in the title of politeness (only used in voc.)mahārāja, e. g. Sn 416 (addressed to Bimbisāra) PvA 22 (id.); J vi.515. -- (b) [in a larger constitutional state] the crowned (muddhâvasitta) monarch (i. e. khattiya) as the head of the principality or kingdom. The defn of this (general) rājā at Nd2 542 is significant of the idea of a king prevalent in early Buddhist times. It is: "khattiyo muddh' âbhisitto vijita -- sangāmo nihata -- paccāmitto laddh' adhippāyo paripuṇṇa -- koṭthāgāro," i. e. "a crowned noble, victorious in battle, slaying his foes, fulfilling his desires, having his storehouses full." This king is "the top of men" (mukhaŋ manussānaŋ) Vin i.246=Sn 568. Cp. D i.7; Sn 46 (raṭṭhaŋ vijitam pahāya); J v.448 and passim. See also below 3. 4 & 6. -- In similes: see J.P.T.S. 1907, 128; & cp. Vism 152 (r. va saddh' antagato), 336 (wishing to become an artisan). Here belongs the title of the king of the devas (Sakka) "deva -- rājā," e. g. DhA iii.269, 441; PvA 62. -- (c) [in an oligarchic sense] member of a kula of khattiyas, e. g. the kumāras of the Sakiyans and Koliyans are all called rājāno of the rājakulānaŋ in J. v.413 sq., or at least the heads of those kulas. Cp. B. Ind. p. 19. -- (d) [in a smaller, autocratic state] a chieftain, prince, ruler; usually (collectively) as a group: rājāno, thus indicating their lesser importance, e. g. A v.22 (kuḍḍa -- rājāno rañño cakkavattissa anuyuttā bhavanti: so read for anuyantā); Sn 553 (bhoja˚ similar to rāja -- bhoggā or bhogiyā as given at SnA 453); A ii.74 sq. (dhammikā & a˚); J iv.495. Similarly at Vin i.228 we find the division into the 3 ranks: mahesakkhā rājāno, majjhimā r., nīcā r. Here also belongs the designation of the 4 lokapālā (or Guardians of the World) at cattāro mahā -- rājāno, the mahā˚ being added for sake of politeness (cp. Note A on mahā), e. g. A iv.242. See also paṭirājā & cp. below 4 c. -- (e) A wider range of meaning is attached to several sub -- divisions (with rājā or without): officials and men who occasionally take the place of the king (royal functionaries), but are by public opinion considered almost equal to the king. Here belongs the defn of what is termed "rājāno" (pl. like d) at Vin iii.47, viz. rājā, padesa -- rājā, maṇḍalikā, antarabhogikā, akkhadassā, mahāmattā, ye vā pana chejjabhejjaŋ anusāsanti (i. e. those who have juridical power). See also below 4 b, and ˚putta, ˚bhogga [& other cpds.]. -- 2. It would fill a separate book, if we were to give a full monograph of kingship in and after the Buddha's time; we therefore content ourselves with a few principal remarks. The office of king was hereditary: kula -- santakaŋ rajjaŋ J i.395; ii.116; iv.124; but we sometimes read of a king being elected with great pomp: J i.470; PvA 74. He had the political and military power in his hand, also the jurisdiction, although in this he is often represented by themahāmatta, the active head of the state. His 10 duties are mentioned at several places (see below under ˚dhammā). Others are mentioned e. g. at D i.135, where it is said he gives food and seed -- corn to the farmer, capital to the trader, wages to the people in government service. His qualifications are 8 fold (see D i.137): well -- born ("gentleman," khattiya), handsome, wealthy, powerful (with his army), a believer, learned, clever, intelligent. <-> His wealth is proverbial and is characterized in a stock phrase, which is also used of other ranks, like seṭṭhi's & brāhmaṇa's, viz. "aḍḍha mahaddhana mahābhoga pahūta -- jātarūpa -- rajata pahūta -- vitt' ûpakaraṇa pahūtadhana -- dhañña paripuṇṇa -- kosa -- koṭṭhāgāra," e. g. D i.134. For a late description of a king's quality and distinction see Miln 226, 227. -- His disciplinary authority is emphasized; he spares no tortures in punishing adversaries or malefactors, esp. the cora (see below 4 c). A summary example of these punishments inflicted on criminals is the long passage illustrating dukkha (bodily pain) at Nd2 304iii; cp. M iii.163 (here also on a cora). -- 3. The king (rājā or khattiya) in the popular opinion, as reflected in language, heads several lists, which have often been taken as enumerating "castes," but which are simply inclusive statements of var. prominent ranks as playing a rôle in the social life of the state, and which were formulated according to diff. occasions. Thus some show a more political, some a more religious aspect. E. g. khattiya amacca brāhmaṇa gahapati D i.136; rājā brāhmaṇa gahapatika A i.68, where another formula haskhattiya br. g. A i.66; J i.217; and the foll. with an intermediate "rank" (something like "royalty," "the royal household") between the king and the brahmins: rājā rājaputtā brāhmaṇā gahapatikā negama -- jānapadā A ii.74 sq.; rājāno rāja -- mahāmattā khattiyā br., gah., titthiyā D iii.44 (trsln Dialogues too weak "rājas & their officials"); rājā rājabhogga br., gah. Vin iii.221. -- 4. Var. aspects illustrating the position of the king in relation to other prominent groups of the court or populace: (a) rājā & khattiya. All kings were khattiyas. The kh. is a noble kat)e)coxh/n (cp. Gr. h(gemw/n) as seen fr. defn jāti -- khattiya at SnA 453 and var. contexts. Already in the Rig Veda the kṣatriya is a person belonging to a royal family (RV x.109, 3), and rājanya is an Ep. of kṣatriya (see Zimmer, Altindisches Leben 213). -- rājā khattiyo muddhâvassito "a crowned king" D i.69; iii.61 sq.; Vin iv.160; A i.106 sq.; ii.207 (contrasted with brāhmaṇa mahāsāla); iii.299 (if lazy, he is not liked by the people); M iii.172 sq. (how he becomes a cakkavatti through the appearance of the cakka -- ratana). -- Without muddhâvasitta: rājāno khattiyā Dh 294=Nett 165. Cp. khattiyā bhoja -- rājāno the khattiyas, the (noble or lesser?) kings (as followers of the cakkavatti) Sn 553 (see bhoja). At J vi.515. rājāno corresponds directly to khattiyā on p. 517 (saṭṭhisahassa˚); cp. expression khattiya -- kula J i.217 as equivalent to rāja -- kula. (b) rājā & mahāmatta. The latter occupies the position of "Premier," but is a rank equal to the king, hence often called rājāhimself: Vin iii.47 where styled "akkhadassa mahāmatta." Otherwise he is always termed rāja -- mahāmatta "royal minister," or "H.R.H. the Premier," e. g. Vin i.172; A i.279; Vin i.228 (also as Magadha -- mahāmatta), and called himself a khattiya D iii.44. -- (c) rājā & cora. A prominent figure in the affairs of State is the "robber -- chief" (mahā -- cora). The contrast -- pair rajāno (so always pl.) & cora is very frequent, and in this connection we have to think of rājāno as either smaller kings, knights or royals (royalists), i. e. officers of the kings or "the king's Guards." Thus at J iii.34 the C. expln as rāja -- purisā. It is here used as a term of warning or frightening "get up, robber, so that the kings (alias ʻ policeman ʼ) won't catch you": uṭṭhehi cora mā taŋ gahesuŋ rājāno. Other passages are e. g.: D i.7 (rāja -- kathā & corakathā)=Vin i.188; M iii.163 (rājāno coraŋ āgucāriŋ gahetvā); A i.68, 154; It 89 (rāj' âbhinīta+cor˚); & in sequence rājāno corā dhuttā (as being dangerous to the bhikkhus) at Vin i.150, 161. -- 5. On the question of kingship in Ancient India see Zimmer, Altind. Leben pp. 162 -- 175, 212 sq.; Macdonell & Keith, Vedic Index ii.210 sq.; Fick, Soc. Gl. 63 -- 90; Foy, Die Königl. Gewalt nach den altind. Rechtsbüchern(Leipzig 1895); Rh. Davids, Buddhist India pp. 1 -- 16; Hopkins, E. W., The social and military position of the ruling caste in A. I. in J.A.O.S. 13, 179 sq.; Banerjea, Public Administration in A. I. 1916, pp. 63 -- 93. -- 6. Kings mentioned by name [a very limited & casual list only, for detailed refs. see Dict'y of Names]: Ajātasattu; Udena (DhA i.185); Okkāka; Dīghī (of Kosala; Vin i.342); Parantapa (of Kosambī; DhA i.164;) Pasenadi (of Kosala; D i.87, 103; Viniv.112, 157); Bimbisāra (of Magadha; Vin iv.116 sq.; Sn 419); Bhaddiya; etc. -- 7. (fig.) king as sign of distinction ("princeps"), as the lion is called rājāmigānaŋ Sn 72; Vism 650; the Himavant is pabbata -- rājā A i.152; iii.44; and Gotama's horse Kaṇthaka is called assa -- rājā J i.62=VvA 314. -- Note. The compn form of rājā is rāja˚.   -- âgāra a king's (garden -- or pleasure -- ) house D i.7 (˚ka); DA i.42. -- anga royal mark, characteristic or qualification; king's property Vin i.219 (rājangaŋ hatthī: the elephants belong to the king), cp. A i.244: assājāniyo rañño angan t' eva sankhaŋ gacchati is called king's property. -- angana royal court PvA 74. -- āṇatti king's permission Tikp 26 (in simile). -- āṇā (1) the king's command J iii.180; cp. PvA 217 "rañño āṇā"; (2) the king's fine or punishment, i. e. a punishment inflicted by the king (cp. Fick, Soc. Gl. 74), synonymous with rāja -- daṇḍa: J i.369, 433 (rājāṇaŋ karoti to inflict); ii.197; iii.18, 232, 351;iv.42; vi.18; PvA 242. -- ânubhāva king's power, majesty, authority, pomp J iv.247; PvA 279. -- antepura the royal harem A v.81, 82 (the 10 risks which a bhikkhu is running when visiting it for alms). -- âbhinīta brought by a king It 89 (+corâbhinīta). -- âbhirājā "king of kings" Sn 553; DhsA 20. -- âmaccaroyal minister J v.444 (˚majjhe). -- āyatana N. of a tree: "Kingstead tree," the royal tree (as residence of a king of fairies), Buchanania latifolia Vin i.3 sq. (where MVastu iii.303 reads kṣīrikā, i. e. milk -- giving tree); J i.80; iv.361 sq.; DhsA 35; VbhA 433 (˚cetiya). -- iddhi royal power PvA 279. -- isi a royal seer, a king who gives up his throne & becomes an ascetic (cp. Sk. rājarṣi, freq. in Mhbhārata & Rāmā yana) Th 1, 1127 (read rāja -- d -- isi); It 21 (rājīsayo, with var vv. ll. not quite the same meaning); J vi.116, 124, 127, 518; DhA iv.29. Kern, Toev. s. v. proposes reading rājīsi. -- upaṭṭhāna attendance on the king, royal audience Vin i.269; J i.269, 349; iii.119, 299; iv.63. -- ûpabhoga fit for use by the king Miln 252. -- uyyāna royal garden or pleasure ground Jiii.143; Mhvs 15, 2. -- orodhā a lady from the king's harem, a royal concubine Vin iv.261. -- kakudha -- bhaṇḍa an ensign of royalty (5: khagga, chatta, uṇhīsa, pādukā, vālavījanī) DhA i.356. See under kakudha. -- kathā talk about kings (as tiracchānakathā in disgrace), combd with corakathā (see above 4 c) D i.7; iii.36, 54; Vin i.188. -- kammika a royal official, one employed by the king J i.439; iv.169. -- kuṭumba the king's property J i.439. -- kuṇḍa a "crook of a king" DhA iii.56. -- kumāra a (royal) prince (cp. khattiya -- kumāra) Vin i.269; J iii.122; VbhA 196 (in comparison). -- kumbhakāra a "royal potter," i. e. a potter being "purveyor to the king" J v.290. -- kula the king's court or palace A i.128; ii.205; Vin iv.265; J ii.301; DhA ii.44, 46; iii.124. -- khādāyapuṭṭha at Sn 831 is according to Kern, Toev. to be read as rajakkhatāya ph. (fr. rajakkha). The old Niddesa, however, reads ˚khādāya & explns the word (Nd1 171) by rājabhojanīyena, i. e. the king's food, which is alright without being changed. -- guṇa "virtue of a king" M i.446 (trick of a circus horse;+rāja -- vaŋsa). -- daṇḍa punishment ordered by the king PvA 216, 217. -- dāya a royal gift D i.127; DA i.246. -- dūta king's messenger Sn 411, 412; in meaning of "message," i. e. calling somebody to court, summons at J ii.101, 305. -- dhamma "king's rule," i. e. rule of governing, norm of kingship; usually given as a set of 10, which are enumd at J iii.274 as "dāna, sīla, pariccāga, ajjava, maddava, tapo, akkodha, avihiŋsā, khanti, avirodhana," i. e. alms -- giving, morality, liberality, straightness, gentleness, self -- restriction, non -- anger, non -- hurtfulness, forbearance non -- opposition. These are referred to as dasa rājadhammā at J i.260, 399; ii.400; iii.320; v.119, 378; usually in phrase "dasa rāja -- dhamme akopetvā dhammena rajjan kāresi": he ruled in righteousness, not shaking the tenfold code of the king. Another set of 3 are mentioned at J v.112, viz. "vitathaŋ kodhaŋ hāsaŋ nivāraye" (expld as giving up musāvāda, kodha & adhamma -- hāsa). -- dhānī a royal city (usually combd with gāma & nigama) A i.159; ii.33; iii.108; Vin iii.89; J v.453; Pv 1318. -- dhītā king's daughter, princess J i.207; PvA 74. -- nivesana the king's abode, i. e. palace DhA iv.92. -- parisā royal assembly Vin ii.296. -- pīla (?) DhA i.323. -- puttalit. "king's son," prince, one belonging to the royal clan (cp. similarly kulaputta), one of royal descent, Rājput Sn 455; Miln 331; VbhA 312, 319 (in simile); PvA 20. f. ˚puttī princess J iv.108; v.94. -- purisa "king's man," only in pl. ˚purisā the men of the king, those in the king's service (as soldiers, body -- guard, policeman etc.) J iii.34; VbhA 80 (˚ânubandha -- corā), 109. -- porisa (m. & nt.) servant of the king, collectively: king's service, those who devote themselves to Govt. service D i.135; M i.85=Nd2 199; A iv.281, 286. See also porisa. -- bali royal tax J i.354. -- bhaṭa king's hireling or soldier Vin i.74, 88; SnA 38 (in simile) -- bhaya fear of the king('s punishment) Vism 121. -- bhāga the king's share J ii.378. -- bhogga 1. royal, in the service of the king, in foll. phrases: rāja -- bhoggaŋ raññā dinnaŋ rāja -- dāyaŋ brahma -- deyyaŋ D i.87, of a flourishing place. Dial. i.108 trsls "with power over it as if he were king," and expls with: "where the king has proprietary rights." The C. rather unmeaningly expls as "rāja -- laddha" (DA i.245). The BSk. has a curious version of this phrase: "rājñā -- agni- dattena brahmadeyyaŋ dattaŋ" (given by the king in the place of agni?) Divy 620. -- Further at Vin iii.221 in sequence rājā r -- bhogga, brāhmaṇa, gahapatika, where the C. expls (on p. 222) as "yo koci rañño bhatta -- vetan' āhāro." (We should be inclined to take this as No. 2.) -- Thirdly, in stock phrase "rājâraha rājabhogga rañño angan t' eva sankhaŋ gacchati," i. e. worthy of a king, imperial, he justifies the royal qualification, said of a thoroughbred horse at A i.244= ii.113; of a soldier (yodh' ājīva) at A i.284; of an elephant at J ii.370 (where it is expld as "rāja paribhoga"). Also as "royal possessions" in general at DhA i.312. 13. -- Fick, Soc. Gl. 99 does not help much, he takes it as "king's official." -- 2. royal, of royal power, one entitled to the throne. Either as bhogga, bhogiya (SnA 453) or (khattiyā) bhoja -- rājāno (Sn 553). Thus at Vin iii.221, where it takes the place of the usual khattiya "royal noble" & Sn 553, where it is combd (as bhoja rājano) with khattiyā. See also bhoja & cp. (antara) bhogika and rājañña. -- mahāmattaking's prime minister (see above 4 b, to which add:) D iii.44; A i.154, 252, 279; iii.128; VbhA 312 (simile of 2), 340. -- mālakāra royal gardener J v.292. -- muddā the royal seal DhA i.21. -- muddikā id. SnA 577. -- ratha the king's chariot DhA iii.122. -- rukkha "royal tree," Cathartocarpus fistula VvA 43. -- vara the best king, famous king Vv 321 (=Sakka VvA 134). -- vallabha the king's favourite, or overseer Mhvs 37, 10; VbhA 501 (in simile). -- vibhūtiroyal splendour or dignity PvA 216, 279. -- haŋsa "royal swan," a sort of swan or flamingo Vism 650 (suvaṇṇa˚, in simile).